HIV Life Cycle

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HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is an infection that affects approximately 1.2 million people in the United States. The infection is very difficult to treat because the virus combines its genetic information with the genetic information of a type of white blood cell called CD4 cells. HIV can continue to replicate without treatment, generating more than 10 billion new viral particles per day.

HIV has three main stages:

  • Acute HIV. A large amount of HIV is present in your blood. Some people develop flu-like symptoms, such as chills, fever, and sore throat. It occurs about 2 to 4 weeks after exposure.
  • Chronic HIV. Once the acute symptoms subside, you enter the chronic stage where HIV replicates at low levels. You are still contagious at this stage, but you may not have symptoms.
  • AIDS. AIDS is the last stage of HIV and severely affects your immune system. It is characterized by a CD4 count of fewer than 200 cells per cubic millimetre of blood.

The replication cycle, or life cycle, of HIV, can be divided into seven stages. Medicines that treat HIV interrupt one of the seven stages of the HIV infection cycle. In an actively infected cell, the entire life cycle lasts only 1 or 2 days. But some cells can be latently infected, meaning that HIV can potentially be present in them for years without producing new virus particles. At any time, these cells can become activated and start producing viruses.

1. Binding

HIV belongs to a group of viruses called retroviruses. These viruses are difficult to get rid of because they integrate with the host cell’s DNA as part of their life cycle. During the first stage of the HIV life cycle, the virus binds to receptors on the surface of CD4 cells. CD4 cells, also called helper T cells, are a type of white blood cell that alert other immune cells that there is an infection in your body.

2. Fusion

HIV is an enveloped virus, which means that its genetic information is protected by both a protein layer and a lipid layer called the envelope. Once HIV binds to receptors on CD4 cells, it initiates the fusion of its envelope with the CD4 cell membrane using a glycoprotein called GP120. Glycoproteins are molecules made up of carbohydrate and protein chains. Fusion with the membrane of your CD4 cells allows the virus to enter the cell.

3. Reverse transcription

Reverse transcription is a process of converting genetic information in the form of RNA into DNA. RNA and DNA contain similar genetic information but are structurally different. RNA is usually made up of a long strand of genetic information, while DNA is made up of a double strand. The virus converts its RNA into DNA by releasing an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. This process allows the genetic information of the virus to enter the nucleus of your CD4 cell.

4. Integration

Once HIV has converted its RNA to DNA, it releases another enzyme called integrase into the nucleus of your CD4 cell. The virus uses this enzyme to combine its DNA into the DNA of your CD4 cell. At this point, the infection is still considered latent and is difficult to detect even with sensitive laboratory tests.

5. Replication

Because HIV is now embedded in the DNA of your CD4 cells, it can use that cell’s machinery to make viral proteins. During this time, it can also make more of its genetic material (RNA). These two things allow you to create more viral particles.

6. Assembly

In the assembly stage, new HIV proteins and RNA are delivered to the edge of the CD4 cell and become immature HIV. These viruses are not infectious in their current form.

7. Budding

During the budding stage, immature viruses break out of their CD4 cell. They then release an enzyme called protease that modifies the proteins of the virus and creates a mature, infectious version.

Hershey-Chase Experiment

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Hershey-Chase Experiment

In 1952 (seven years after Avery’s demonstration that genes were DNA), two geneticists, A. D. Hershey-Chase Experiment provided further evidence. They worked with a DNA virus, called T2, that infects E. coli (and is also a bacteriophage). The essential element of the infectious cycle of DNA bacteriophages is T2. Virions adhere to the surface of their host cell. Capsid proteins inject the DNA core into the cell. Once inside the cell, some of the bacteriophage’s genes (the “early” genes) are transcribed (by host RNA polymerase) and translated (by host ribosomes, tRNA, etc.) to produce enzymes. they will make many copies of the phage. DNA and will deactivate (even destroy) the host’s DNA.

As new copies of the phage DNA accumulate, other genes (the “late” genes) are transcribed and translated to form the capsid proteins. The pool of DNA cores and capsid proteins assemble into complete virions. Another “late” gene is transcribed and translated into lysozyme molecules. Lysozyme attacks the peptidoglycan wall (from the inside, of course). Eventually, the cell ruptures and releases its content of virions ready to spread the infection to new host cells.

Bacteriophages produced within bacteria growing in radioactive culture medium will themselves be radioactive. If radioactive sulfur atoms (35S) are present, they will be incorporated into the protein shells of the bacteriophages, since two of the amino acids, cysteine ​​and methionine, contain sulfur. However, DNA will not be radioactive because there are no sulfur atoms in DNA. If radioactive phosphorus (32P) is used instead, DNA becomes radioactive, due to its many phosphorus atoms, but proteins do not.

Hershey and Chase found that when 32P-containing (radioactive) bacteriophages were allowed to infect nonradioactive bacteria, all infected cells became radioactive, and in fact, much of the radioactivity was passed on to the next generation of bacteriophages. However, when the bacteria were infected with 35S-labeled bacteriophages, and then the virus coats were removed (by spinning them in an electric blender), virtually no radioactivity could be detected in the infected cells. From these experiments, it became clear that the DNA component of bacteriophages is injected into the bacterial cell while the protein component remains outside. However, it is the injected component, the DNA, that can direct the formation of new virus particles complete with protein coats. So here’s one more proof that genes are DNA.

Food Spoilage

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We often see that food that has been left out for too long smells bad and looks rotten. But what causes this? What will happen if we eat this food? It is eatable? Let’s find out more about food spoilage.

Introduction

If food is stored for a long period of time and is not stored properly, it will spoil; These foods are bad for your health. When food that has been stored for a long time spoils, germs begin to grow on it. Once food spoils, it cannot be eaten and must be thrown away. Spoilage is a process in which food deteriorates to the point where it is inedible for humans.

Causes of deterioration

Food and water can be infected by germs. Flies carry germs. When they sit on our food, they transmit these germs to our food. There are several factors that are responsible for food spoilage, such as bacteria, mould, yeast, moisture, light, temperature, and chemical reaction.

1. Bacteria

They are the most abundant microorganisms found on earth. They are small in size and vary in shape. Some bacteria are also helpful. They help turn milk into curds.

2. Protozoa

They are unicellular microorganisms that cause diseases such as food poisoning, etc.

3. Mushrooms

They are found in warm, moist places and grow on dead and decaying matter.

4. Temperature

Temperature is one of the main factors responsible for food spoilage.

Signs of food spoilage.

Signs of food spoilage include a different appearance than fresh food, such as a change in colour, a change in texture, an unpleasant odour or taste.

  • Activity I

Objective: To study the growth of fungi.
Materials: Piece of bread
Method: Take a piece of bread. Moisten it and store it in a warm corner of the room for 3-4 days. Observe it after 3-4 days.
Observation: Presence of greenish stain growing on the bread.

Food preservation

Food is valuable. Preserving food can help prevent food waste. Food preservation consists of preventing food from spoiling. Food preservation is the process by which food is stored by special methods. Cooked or raw foods can be preserved in different ways to be used later. Some conservation methods are:

1. Freezing

Food stored in a refrigerator stays fresh for a few days. Germs do not grow easily in cool places. We preserve foods, such as fruits with milk, vegetables, and cooked foods, by keeping them in a refrigerator.

  • Activity II

Objective: To understand the principle of food preservation.
Materials: Two apples, refrigerator.
Method: Take two apples. Keep one apple in the refrigerator and one outside for 2-3 days. Record your observation.
Remark: The apple inside the fridge is fresh while the one outside will start to rot.

2. Boiling

By this method, we can preserve food for a short period of time. Germs in milk are killed by pasteurization. It is made by sometimes boiling the milk and then rapidly cooling it.

3. Salting

We can add salt to preserve pickles and fish.

4. Sweetening

Excess sugar in food also acts as a preservative. We store food for a long time in the form of jams, jellies and murabba by adding sugar.

5. Dehydration

In this method, food is dried in the sun to stop the growth of bacteria on it. Certain foods, such as raw mangoes, fish, French fries, and potatoes, are preserved using this method.

6. Canning

In this method, the air is removed from the food and it is placed in airtight cans so that germs do not grow on it. Foods like vegetables, seafood, dairy products, etc. are preserved through this method.

Advantages and disadvantages

  • Advantages of food preservation: Germs do not grow easily on preserved foods and make them safe to eat. Conservation allows us to enjoy seasonal fruits such as strawberries and mangoes even out of season.
  • Disadvantages of food preservation: Excess salt and sugar are used in food preservation, which is not good for health. Some food preservation methods can lead to nutrient loss.

Supplier of Laboratory Research Tools

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Sigma Aldrich

techserv@sial.com

www.sigmaaldrich.com

800-819-3336 400-620-3333 86-21-6141 5566

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Sigma-Aldrich is a leading company with high-tech products in the field of life sciences, committed to providing high-quality services and products in the fields of life sciences, pharmaceuticals and chemicals.

The total number of citations is 398, from 285 articles. The most frequently cited reagents include: bovine serum albumin , collagenase , insulin , trypsin , and FLAG tags .

Thermo Fisher

analyze@thermofisher.com

www.thermo.com

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 285, from 220 articles. The most frequently cited reagents include: Taq DNA polymerase , DNase I , trypsin , deoxyribonucleotide , Pfx DNA polymerase .

Andy Bio R&D

i

info@rndsystems.com

www.rndsystems.com

21 52380373

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 234, from 114 articles. The reagents include: Tumor Necrosis Factor A , IL-4 , IL-6 , IL-1beta , Il23a .

New England Biolabs

240 County Road Ipswich, MA 01938-2723

info@neb.com

www.neb.com

978-927-5054 1-800-632-7799

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 206, from 125 articles. The most frequently cited reagents include: DNA ligase , Phusion DNA Polymerase , DNA polymerase , Taq DNA polymerase , T4 kinase .

Shanghai Promega Biological Products Co., Ltd.

12B, No. 88, Xinjun Ring Road, Pujiang High-tech Park, Caohejing Development Zone, Minhang District, Shanghai

custserv@promega.comThe total number of citations is 136, from 116 articles. The most frequently cited reagents include: trypsin , Taq DNA polymerase , DNase I , deoxyribonucleotide , M-MLV reverse transcriptase .

Roche Applied Science

indianapolis.bmbcustomerservice@roche.com

www.roche-applied-science.com

The total number of citations is 134, from 110 articles. The most frequently cited reagents include: collagenase , DNase I , separation enzyme , proteinase K , and Taq DNA polymerase .

PeproTech

info@peprotech.com

www.peprotech.com

The total number of citations is 133, from 66 articles. Reagents include: FGF-2 , IL3 , EGF , IFN C , TGF-B .

Thermo Scientific

81 Wyman Street. Waltham, MA02451.

analyze@thermo.com

www.thermoscientific.com

887 843 7668

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 60, from 50 articles. The most frequently cited reagents include: Phusion DNA Polymerase , Taq DNA polymerase , papain , reverse transcriptase, and DNA polymerase .

Merck Millipore China

2nd Floor, Building 2, No. 88, Chenhui Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai

asiatechserv@millipore.com

www.millipore.com/china/wwcn/cnhome

400-889-1988

Corporate Headquarters: United States

EMD Millipore is the Life Science division of Merck KGaA of Darmstadt, Germany

The total number of citations is 52, from 47 articles. The most frequently cited reagents include: KOD DNA polymerase , LIF , benzonase , accutase cell digestion solution , PPP3CA .

Kaijie Enterprise Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.

China@qiagen.com

www1.qiagen.com

86-21-3865-3865

The total number of citations is 37, from 36 articles. The most frequently cited reagents include: deoxyribonucleotide , Taq DNA polymerase , DNase I , annexin II , and reverse transcriptase .

BD

30th Floor, CITIC Plaza, 1168 Nanjing West Road, Shanghai

www.bd.com/china

021-32104610

The total number of citations is 36, from 34 articles. The most frequently cited reagents include: ANXA5 , Annexin V , EGF , GM-CSF , Fibronectin .

GE Healthcare Life Biosciences

lifesciences@ge.com

www.gelifesciences.com

800-810-9118 400-810-9118

The total number of citations is 28, from 25 articles. The most frequently cited reagents include: protease , alkaline phosphatase , exonuclease I , RNase A , erythropoietin .

Agilent Technologies

contact_us@agilent.com

www.Agilent.com

The total number of citations is 27, from 26 articles. Reagents include: Pfu DNA polymerase , DNA polymerase , RNA polymerase .

Worthington Biochemical

custservice@worthington-biochem.com

www.worthington-biochem.com

The total number of citations is 24, from 23 articles. Reagents include: collagenase , papain , deoxyribonuclease , MNase/micrococcal nuclease .

Takara Bio Inc

Seta 3-4-1, Otsu, Shiga

www.takara-bio.com

81-77-543-7200

Corporate headquarters: Japan

The total number of citations is 23, from 18 articles. Reagents include: Taq DNA polymerase , alkaline phosphatase , T4 kinase , AMV reverse transcriptase , reverse transcriptase .

eBioscience

10255 Science Center Drive

San Diego, CA 92121

tech@eBioscience.com

www.ebioscience.com

888-999-1371 858-642-2058

Corporate Headquarters: United States

As a sub-brand of affymetrix, eBioscience was established in 1999 and has a leading position in the field of immunology and tumor research. It provides high-quality flow cytometry-related antibodies, ELISA kits and other products for life science research and diagnostic research.

The total number of citations is 21, from 12 articles. The most frequently cited reagents include: Interleukin , KITLG , IL 23 , Western Blot Gel , FLT3LG .

Enzo Life Sciences

5777 Hines Drive

Ann Arbor, MI 48108

techserv-usa@enzolifesciences.com

www.enzolifesciences.com

1-800-942-0430

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Since 2007, Enzo Life Sciences has merged companies such as ALEXIS Biochemicals and BIOMOL International to provide more comprehensive reagent products for various fields of life science research. For example, in the fields of tumor, cell death, epigenetics, genomics, immunology, neuroscience, signal transduction, ubiquitin and proteasome, you can find the corresponding antibodies, enzymes, proteins, small molecules in Enzo Life Sciences Inhibitors, product libraries and detection kits and other products.

The total number of citations is 15, from 10 articles. Reagents include: HSPA4 , dnaJ , dnaK , FasL , HSP90 .

Illumina

info@illumina.com

www.illumina.com

The total number of citations is 11, from 8 articles. Reagents include: deoxyribonuclease , DNA polymerase , pyrophosphatase .

Stemcell Technologies

570 West Seventh Avenue, Suite 400, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1B3,

techsupport@stemcell.com

www.stemcell.com

1-800-667-0322

Corporate Headquarters: Canada

The total number of citations is 10, from 4 articles. The most frequently cited reagents include: KITLG , insulin , IL3 , bovine serum albumin , FGF-2 .

Saixintong (Shanghai) Biological Reagent Co., Ltd.

Room 514, Far East Building, 1101 Pudong South Road, Shanghai 200120

info@cst-c.com

www.cst-c.com

2158356288

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Saixintong Biological Reagent Co., Ltd. was established in Massachusetts in 1999. It is a privately owned company with more than 400 employees worldwide. We are committed to providing innovative research tools to help determine cell functions and disease resistance mechanisms. Since the establishment of the company, saixintong has become the world’s leading producer of the highest-quality activated protein and total protein antibodies used to expand the knowledge of cell signaling pathways. Our mission is to provide customers with the world’s highest quality research tools to accelerate the progress of biological research and personalized medicine.

The total number of citations is 9, from 6 articles. Reagents include: horseradish peroxidase , p53 , TNNT3 , Hist1h3i , FLT3 .

MP Biochemicals

3 Hutton Center Drive Suite 100 Santa Ana, CA 92707

custserv@mpbio.com

www.mpbio.com

1-800-854-0530 1-440-337-1200

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 8, from 7 articles. The most frequently cited reagents include: FN1 , AGT , accutase cell digestion fluid , fibrinogen , and type I collagen .

Danke Medical Device Technical Service (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.

17th Floor, CITIC Pacific Shenhong Plaza, 1350 Sichuan North Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai

china@dako.com

www.dako.com/cn/index.htm

86-21-3612 7091

Corporate Headquarters: United States

As a sub-brand of Agilent Technologies Company, Dako provides high-quality reagents, instruments and software products and services for cancer research.

The total number of citations is 8, from 8 articles. Reagents include: proteinase K , Vwf , pronase , horseradish peroxidase .

Novartis

media.relations@novartis.com

www.novartis.com

The total number of citations is 8, from 7 articles. Reagents include: TGFB3 , IL3 , abl , HDAC1 , GM-CSF .

Abcam (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd.

Room 5401, 4th Floor, Building 5, No. 338 Galileo Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai

cn.technical@abcam.com

www.abcam

400-628-6880 86-21-5110 5938

Corporate Headquarters: United Kingdom

Abcam is a world-renowned provider of products in the field of life science research. Its products include primary antibodies, secondary antibodies, proteins, peptides and ELISA kits.

The total number of citations is 7, from 6 articles. Reagent comprising: a C3 , DEFB103B , DEFBl , the AIM-. 1 .

Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories

872 West Baltimore Pike West Grove, PA, 19390

tech@jacksonimmuno.com

www.jacksonimmuno.com

610-869-4024

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 7, from 6 articles. Reagents include: horseradish peroxidase , transferrin .

Bachem

Hauptstrasse 144 4416 Bubendorf

sales.ch@bachem.com

www.bachem.com

41-61-935-2323

Company headquarters: Switzerland

The total number of citations is 7, from 1 article. Reagents include: Agt , Angpt1 , Ang2 , Ang3 , Ang4 .

Amgen

One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799

www.amgen.com

1-805-447-1000

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 7, from 5 articles. Reagents include: granulocyte colony stimulating factor , Csf3 , IL-6 , IL-1beta , thrombopoietin .

Affymetrix

support@affymetrix.com

www.Affymetrix.com

The total number of citations is 6, from 4 articles. Reagents include: Endonuclease H , Exonuclease I , T4 Kinase , RNase A , Alkaline Phosphatase .

Santa Cruz Biotechnology

No.1-6, Building 2, No.315, Jianye Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai

asia@scbio

www.scbt.com/zh/

800-820-8626

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Santa Cruz Biotechnology has the highest quality commitment and customer service.

The total number of citations is 5, from 2 articles. Reagents include: LBR , TBCA , CK1A , SUMO2 , SUMO3 .

AnaSpec

34801 Campus Drive

Fremont, CA 94555

service@anaspec.com

www.anaspec.com

800-452-5530,510-791-9560

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 5, from 3 articles. Reagents include: amyloid precursor .

Cytoskeleton

1830 S. Acoma St.

Denver, CO 80223

cserve@cytoskeleton.com

www.cytoskeleton.com

303-322-2254

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 5, from 4 articles. Reagents include: TUBB , beta actin .

Fitzgerald Industries

30 Sudbury Road, Suite 1A North Acton, MA 01720

antibodies@fitzgerald-fii.com

www.fitzgerald-fii.com

1-978-371-6446 1-800-370-2222

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 5, from 1 article. Reagents include: TSHB , RANKL , tumor necrosis factor , Il1a , M-CSF .

Vector Laboratories

30 Ingold Road Burlingame, CA 94010

vector@vectorlabs.com

www.vectorlabs.com

800-227-6666

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Vector Laboratories has 35 years of experience in the production and sales of protein and nucleic acid labeling and detection reagent products.

The total number of citations is 5, from 5 articles. Reagents include: lectin/PNA/concanavalin a .

Bio-Rad

informatics.usa@bio-rad.com

www.bio-rad.com

The total number of citations is 5, from 5 articles. Reagents include: reverse transcriptase .

Austral Biologicals and Biogenesis Ltd

Bishop Ranch 6 2410 Camino Ramon, Suite 163 San Ramon, CA 94583

sales@australbiologicals.com

www.australbiologicals.com

925-543-0018 800-433-7105

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 5, from 2 articles. Reagents include: US4 , US4 , gag .

Pfizer

www.pfizer.com

The total number of citations is 5, from 2 articles. Reagents include: IL 17F , IL-17 .

AbD Serotec (Bio-Rad)

Endeavour House, Langford Business Park

Langford Lane, Kidlington

OXON, OX5 1GE

abd_sales_uk@bio-rad.com

www.abdserotec.com

44-1865-852-700

Corporate Headquarters: United Kingdom

As a subsidiary of Bio-Rad, AbD Serotec was established in 1982 to provide global customers with self-produced and strictly controlled high-quality antibodies and first-class antibody customization services.

The total number of citations is 4, from 4 articles. Reagents include: C3 , CKB , F4/80 , Thy1 .

Meridian Life Science

60 Industrial Park Road

Saco, ME 04072

info@meridianlifescience.com

www.meridianlifescience.com

901-382-8716 800-327-6299

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 4, from 4 articles. Reagents include: Taq DNA polymerase , M-MLV reverse transcriptase , DNA polymerase .

US Biological

4 Technology Way

Salem, MA01970

tech@usbio.net

www.usbio.net

800-520-3011 781-639-5092

Corporate Headquarters: United States

United States Biological is a well-known brand in the field of life sciences, committed to reducing research costs with real and valuable personalized procurement experience.

The total number of citations is 4, from 2 articles. Reagents include: integrin β3 , ITGB5 .

PBL InterferonSource

info@interferonsource.com

www.interferonsource.com

The total number of citations is 4, from 3 articles. The reagents include: IFNA1 , IFN C , Ifnb1 , IFNB1 .

Beckman Coulter Experimental System (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.

No.181, Suhong West Road, Sino-Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou

www.beckmancoulter.com

86-512-6742 5505

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Beckman Coulter is a well-known supplier in the field of global biological research and clinical diagnosis. Its products cover fields from life sciences to clinical diagnosis and cell analysis.

The total number of citations is 4, from 4 articles. Reagents include: ANXA5 .

PerkinElmer

CustomerCareUS@perkinelmer.com

www.perkinelmer.com

The total number of citations is 4, from 4 articles. Reagents include: RNase A , C5AR1 , FGF-2 .

Lonza

custom@lonza.com

www.lonza.com

The total number of citations is 4, from 3 articles. Reagents include: trypsin , insulin , EGF .

Protein Sciences

1000 Research Parkway Meriden, CT 06450

info@proteinsciences.com

www.proteinsciences.com

800-488-7099 203-686-0800

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 4, from 3 articles.

Seikagaku

www.seikagaku.com

The total number of citations is 4, from 4 articles. Reagents include: chondroitin sulfate .

BioVision

980 Linda Vista Avenue

Mountain View, California 94043

tech@biovision.com

www.biovision.com

800-891-9699 408-493-1800

Corporate Headquarters: United States

BioVision, Inc. is a private company located in the beautiful San Francisco Bay Area, specializing in the development and production of research products for molecular and cell biologists. For example, cell apoptosis, signaling pathways, cell proliferation, metabolism, cell pressure, cell damage repair, cholesterol and obesity and other research related test kits, antibodies, recombinant proteins and other products. Currently, BioVision’s products have been sold in more than 60 countries worldwide.

The total number of citations is 3, from 3 articles. Reagents include: ANXA5 .

Trevigen

8405 Helgerman Ct., Gaithersburg, MD 20877

tech@trevigen.com

www.trevigen.com

301-216-2800

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 3, from 3 articles. Reagents include: Laminin , Lama1 .

InvivoGen

3950 Sorrento Valley Blvd, Suite 100 San Diego, California 92121

info@invivogen.com

www.invivogen.com

888-457-5873

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 3, from 3 articles. Reagents include: transforming growth factor 1 .

Boehringer Mannheim

Binger Str. 173 55216 Ingelheim

www.boehringer-ingelheim.com

49-6132-77-0

Company headquarters: Germany

The total number of citations is 3, from 3 articles. Reagents comprising: IFN- [prop , the DNA enzyme the I .

Abcysonline

7 avenue de Scandinavie-91953 COURTABOEUF Cedex B

adv@eurobio.fr

www.abcysonline.com

01-69-07-94-77

Company headquarters: France

The total number of citations is 3, from 1 article. Reagents include: IGF-1 , hepatocyte growth factor , IL-6 .

Prozyme

orders@prozyme.com

www.prozyme.com

The total number of citations is 3, from 1 article.

PAA Laboratories

techservice@paa.com

www.paa.com

The total number of citations is 3, from 3 articles. Reagents include: trypsin , accutase cell digestion solution .

Nanjing Kingsray Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

antibody@genscript.com

www.genscript.com

86-25-5889 7288

The total number of citations is 3, from 3 articles. Reagents include: syndecan , mlo3 .

Eli Lilly

Indianapolis, Indiana 46285

www.lilly.com

1-317-276-2000

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 3, from 3 articles. Reagents include: insulin .

Novo Nordisk

Novo Allé, 2880 Bagsvaerd

webmaster@novonordisk.com

www.novonordisk.com

45-4444-8888

Company headquarters: Denmark

The total number of citations is 3, from 2 articles. Reagents include: insulin , GH , Ins1 .

Avidity

info@avidity.com

www.avidity.com

The total number of citations is 3, from 3 articles.

MBL International

15A Constitution Way Woburn, MA 01801

tech@mblintl.com

www.mblintl.com

800-200-5459 781-939-6964

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 2, from 2 articles. Reagents include: IL-18 .

OriGene

Building 11, Huilongsen Science and Technology Park, No. 99, Kechuang 14th Street, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone

orderscn@origene.com

www.origene.com

400-6744-363 800-9904-363

Corporate Headquarters: United States

OriGene was established in 1996 in Maryland, USA, and has been committed to the development of gene-related products, providing pharmaceutical, biotechnology and basic research workers with excellent performance products. OriGene’s goal is to become “your gene company”, providing researchers with a total solution based on gene research.

The total number of citations is 2, from 2 articles. Reagents include: ISG15 .

Abnova Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

9th Floor, No. 108, Zhouzi Street, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan

sales@abnova.com

www.abnova.com

886-2-87511888

The total number of citations is 2, from 1 article.

Molecular Innovations

46430 Peary Court

Novi, MI 48377

info@mol-innov.com

www.mol-innov.com

888-557-5055 248-896-0142

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 2, from 1 article. Reagents include: tPA .

BPS Bioscience

11526 Sorrento Valley Road Suite A2

San Diego, CA 92121

sales@bpsbioscience.com

www.bpsbioscience.com

858-202-1401

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Headquartered in the heart of one of the world’s largest clusters of life science research institutes and companies, San Diego, California, BPS Bioscience Inc is a leading provider for kinases, phosphodiesterases, phosphatases, histone demethylases, histone methyltransferases, HDACs, and poly ADP ribose polymerases. BPS now offers one of the largest selections of recombinant enzymes for drug discovery and continues to expand its drug discovery products.

The total number of citations is 2, from 2 articles.

Eurogentec

LIEGE Science Park Rue du Bois Saint Jean 5 4102 Seraing

info@eurogentec.com

www.eurogentec.com

32-4-372-74-00

Company headquarters: Belgium

The total number of citations is 2, from 2 articles.

Mitosciences

1850 Millrace Drive Eugene, Oregon 97403

technical@abcam.com

www.mitosciences.com

1-888-772-2226

Corporate Headquarters: United States

As a subsidiary of Abcam, MitoSciences is committed to providing high-quality mitochondrial research-related antibodies and kits for life science research.

The total number of citations is 2, from 1 article. Reagents include: Bid , Bcl 2 .

Serva

info@serva.de

www.serva.de

The total number of citations is 2, from 2 articles. Reagents include: collagenase .

Enzyme Research Laboratories

1801 Commerce Drive, South Bend, IN 46628

info@enzymeresearch.com

www.enzymeresearch.com

574-288-2268,800-729-5270

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 2, from 1 article. Reagents include: F2 , FGB .

Wako Chemicals USA

1600 Bellwood Road Richmond, VA 23237-1326

www.wakousa.com

804-271-7677, 1-800-992-9256

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 2, from 2 articles. Reagents comprising: proteinase K .

Innovative Cell Technologies

info@innovativecelltech.com

www.innovativecelltech.com

The total number of citations is 2, from 2 articles. Reagents include: accutase cell digestion solution .

TOYOBO

www.toyobo.co.jp

The total number of citations is 2, from 2 articles. Reagents include: KOD DNA polymerase .

Peptide Institute

www.peptide.co.jp

The total number of citations is 2, from 1 article. Reagents include: amyloid precursor .

American Peptide Company

sales@americanpeptide.com

www.americanpeptide.com

The total number of citations is 2, from 2 articles. Reagents include: amyloid precursor .

Megazyme

markets@megazyme.com

www.megazyme.com

The total number of citations is 2, from 2 articles.

BioLegend

9727 Pacific Heights Blvd.

San Diego, CA 92121

customerserv@biolegend.com

www.biolegend.com

1-858-455-9588

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Biolegend provides top-notch antibodies and reagent products for biomedical research, aiming to accelerate research and development in the life sciences field.

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

Novus Biologicals

8100 Southpark Way, A-8

Littleton, CO 80120

technical@novusbio.com

www.novusbio.com

1-888-506-6887 303-730-1950

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The mission of Novus Biologicals is to develop the most advanced new products and marketing to accelerate new discoveries in biological research. With efficient organization and division of labor, Novus Biologicals has established a platform for rapid commercialization of the achievements of biological academic groups. In addition to detailed product information attached to our products, Novus Biologicals also provides complete technical support and services. Using fast and effective market access to quickly provide all scientific researchers with the most advanced research reagents, Novus Biologicals plays an important role in the market.

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

ProSci

12170 Flint Place

Poway, CA 92064

info@prosci-inc.com

www.prosci-inc.com

1-888-513-9525 1-858-513-2638

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: bovine serum albumin .

Cell Sciences

480 Neponset Street, Building 12A

Canton, MA 02021

info@cellsciences.com

www.cellsciences.com

888-769-1246 781-828-0610

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: Interleukin-15 .

Neuromics

5325 West 74th St., Suite 8 Edina, MN 55439

brett@neuromics.com

www.neuromics.com

866-350-1500 952-374-6161

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: MOR .

ProSpec

Rehovot Science Park, POB 398

Rehovot 76103

info@prospecbio.com

www.prospecbio.com

00-800-800-66666

Company headquarters: Israel

ProSpec (Protein-Specialists) has more than 16 years of experience, focusing on the production of bacterial-derived recombinant proteins. The products include a large number of cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, hormones, enzymes, virus antigens and recombinant protein products.

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

Hycult Biotech

Frontstraat 2a

5405 PB UDEN

info@hycultbiotech.com

www.hycultbiotech.com

0031-0-4132 51335

Company headquarters: Netherlands

Hycult Biotech is committed to the development, production and sales of antibodies, antibody-related products and specific immunoassay products for innate immunity research, mainly focusing on complement, neutrophil proteins, TLR, scavenger receptors and acute phase proteins. In addition, Hycult Biotech is also developing new products in terms of inflammation and cell damage caused by pathogens and oxidative factors.

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

Wuhan Sanying

Room 402, 7-4, Guandong Science and Technology Park, Guanshan 2nd Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan

Service@ptglab.com

www.ptgcn.com

4006 900 926, 027-87531629 / 027-87531627

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Proteintech Group is committed to developing antibodies against all human proteins. We named this project the Human Antibody Group Project. Proteintech Group enjoys a good reputation in the field of scientific research. So far, it has produced 10,000 antibodies against 10,000 different human proteins. At the same time, Proteintech Group also provides a variety of customer order services: cloning, expression, peptide synthesis, polyclonal and monoclonal antibody production to meet your different needs.

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: TAR DNA binding protein 43 .

Alpha Diagnostics

6203 Woodlake Center San Antonio, Texas 78244

www.4adi.com

800-786-5777 210-561-9515

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

Biogenex

49026 Milmont Drive Fremont, CA 94538

customer.service@biogenex.com

www.biogenex.com

1-510-824-1400 1-800-421-4149

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: horseradish peroxidase .

Cayman Chemical

180 East Ellsworth Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108

custserv@caymanchem.com

www.caymanchem.com

800-364-9897

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: PTGS2 .

Miltenyi Biotec

6125 Cornerstone Court East

San Diego, CA 92121

macs@miltenyibiotec.com

www.miltenyibiotec.com

1 800 FOR MACS

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: GM-CSF .

Electron Microscopy Sciences

packaging@emsdiasum.com

www.emsdiasum.com

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: bovine serum albumin .

Biomedical Technologies

info@btiinc.com

www.btiinc.com

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

Eppendorf

102 Motor Parkway. Hauppauge, NY11788.

market.info@eppendorf

www.eppendorf.com

800 645 3050

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: Taq DNA polymerase .

Haematologic Technologies

57 River Road, Unit 1021 Essex Junction, Vermont 05452

technical@haemtech.com

www.haemtech.com

802-878-1777

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

Kirkegaard & Perry Laboratories

910 Clopper Road Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878

KPLtechserv@seracare.com

www.kpl.com

800-638-3167

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: bovine serum albumin .

Quidel

12544 High Bluff Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92130,

technicalsupport@quidel.com

www.quidel.com

858-552-1100

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: CHI3L1 .

info@uk.vwr.com

www.vwr.com

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: Phusion DNA Polymerase .

Proteinkinase

zimmermann@proteinkinase.de

www.proteinkinase.de

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

Genway Biotech

6777 Nancy Ridge Drive San Diego, CA 92121

www.genwaybio.com

858-458-0866

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: ESD .

Qbiogene

www.qbiogene.com

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: DNA ligase .

Chondrex

contactus@chondrex.com

www.chondrex.com

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

Innovative Research

46430 Peary Court Novi, MI 48377

sales@innov-research.com

www.innov-research.com

248-896-0145

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: fibronectin .

Intracel

550 Highland Street Suite 417 Frederick, MD 21701

info@intracel.com

www.intracel.com

301-668-8300

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: reverse transcriptase .

Cedarlanelabs

4410 Paletta Court Burlington, Ontario, L7L 5R2

general@cedarlanelabs.com

www.cedarlanelabs.com

1-289-288-0001 1-800-268-5058

Corporate Headquarters: Canada

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: Interleukin-10 .

Harlan

harlan@harlan.com

www.harlan.com

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: nerve growth factor .

Gentaur

BE0473327336 Voortstraat 49, 1910 Kampenhout

info@gentaur.com

www.gentaur.com

0032-16-58-90-45

Company headquarters: Belgium

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: IL-6 .

WILEX Inc.

Oncogene Science

100 Acorn Park Drive

Cambridge, MA 02140

oncogeneorders@wilex.com

www.oncogene.com

1-617-492-3900 x501

Company headquarters: Germany

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: vascular endothelial growth factor .

Funakoshi

info@funakoshi.co.jp

www.funakoshi.co.jp

3-5684-1611

Corporate headquarters: Japan

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

Signalchem

info@signalchem.com

www.signalchem.com

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: Pde8a .

Corning

One Riverfront Plaza Corning, NY 14831

Inquiries@corning.com

www.corning.com

1-607-974-9000

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: trypsin .

Cocalico Biologicals

PO Box 265, 449 Stevens Road, Reamstown, PA 17567-0265

technicalservices@cocalicobiologicals.com

www.cocalicobiologicals.com

717-336-1990

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: neurochondrin .

BioVendor-Laboratorni medicina as CTPark Modrice

infoCN@biovendor.com

www.biovendor.com

86-20-3806 5519

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

Nacalai Tesque

498 Higashitamaya-cho. Nijo Karasuma, Nakagyo-ku. Kyoto. 604-0855.

info.intl@nacalai.com

www.nacalai.com

81 0 75 251 1730

Corporate headquarters: Japan

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents comprising: proteinase K .

BioXcell

Reserved10 Technology Dr., Suite 2BWest Lebanon, NH 03784-1671

customerservice@bxcell.com

bio-express.com

1-866-787-3444

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

MatTek Corporation

information@mattek.com

www.mattek.com

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

Zymo Research Corporation

17062 Murphy Ave. Irvine, CA 92614

info@zymoresearch.com

www.zymoresearch.com

949-679-1190 888-882-9682

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

Enzymatics

benoit@enzymatics.com

www.enzymatics.com

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

KAPA Biosystems

info@kapabiosystems.com

www.kapabiosystems.com

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: RT-PCR kit .

Biomeda

www.biomeda.com

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article.

FibroGen

409 Illinois St. San Francisco, CA 94158

info@fibrogen.com

www.fibrogen.com

415-978-1200

Corporate Headquarters: United States

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: connective tissue growth factor .

Euromedex

research@euromedex.com

www.euromedex.com

33-0-3-88-18-07-22

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents comprising: proteinase K .

Biosearch Technologies

info@biosearchtech.com

www.biosearchtech.com

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: bovine serum albumin .

iNtRON Biotechnology

hee8954@intronbio.com

www.intronbio.com

The total number of citations is 1, from 1 article. Reagents include: Taq DNA polymerase .

Aniara

7768 Service Center Drive

West Chester, Ohio 45069

www.aniara.com

866-783-3797 513-770-1991

Corporate Headquarters: United States

LifeSpan Biosciences

2401 Fourth Avenue, Suite 900

Seattle, WA 98121

antibodies@lsbio.com

www.lsbio.com

1-206-464-1554

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Founded in 1995, LifeSpan has become a leading brand in the field of molecular pathology, focusing on the localization of proteins in normal and disease tissues of humans and other species. We provide more than 74,000 kinds of antibodies, customized immunohistochemistry research services, more than 500 kinds of human immunohistochemistry materials for protein research, and histochemistry and pathology services; provide 2,000,000 samples, including frozen and paraffin sections of normal and diseased tissues, to perform External research services. The scope of external service projects is wide, and LifeSpan pathologists provide many links including project design, antibody search and characterization, tissue collection and verification, immune labeling, problem processing and result processing.

ATGen

Rm 105, 68, Yaptap-dong, Bundang-gu

Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-816,

sales@atgenglobal.com

www.atgenglobal.com

82-31-8017-8114

Corporate Headquarters: South Korea

ATGen Co., Ltd. is a biotechnology company that manufactures and supplies unique high-quality proteins and antibodies to researchers and retailers around the world.

Synaptic Systems

Rudolf-Wissell-Str. 28

37079 Goettingen

lab@sysy.com

www.sysy.com

49-551-50556-0

Company headquarters: Germany

Rockland Immunochemicals

PO Box 326

Gilbertsville, PA 19525

orders@rockland-inc.com

www.rockland-inc.com

800-656-7625

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Rockland Immunochemicals, Inc. is located in West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and provides phosphorylation site-specific antibodies and antibody-related research tools for basic research, applied research and clinical research. The company’s technical platform is established by a group of experienced scientists, using In vitro and In vivo methods to prepare and purify monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies are used in Western blotting, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence detection, and high-throughput screening. And the production of diagnostic kits. Commonly used primary antibodies are mainly used in the following research: Akt pathway, apolipoprotein, apoptosis/cell cycle, cytokines, cell signaling, enzymes, extracellular matrix, transcription factors and ubiquitin related fields.

ALPCO

26G Keewaydin Drive

Salem, NH 03079

cs@alpco.com

www.alpco.com

1-800-592-5726 603-893-8914

Corporate Headquarters: United States

ALPCO was established in 1990, focusing on the import and sales of high-quality immunological research kits. Since its establishment, ALPCO’s primary goal is to provide customers with a variety of testing product lines, and provide excellent customer service and technical support.

Abbiotec

7985 Dunbrook Road, Suite A

San Diego, CA 92126

info@abbiotec.com

www.abbiotec.com

858-586-0500 800-854-7453

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Abbiotec is committed to the development of products for cell biology research, helping researchers to explore the functions, roles and regulatory mechanisms of the human proteome.

Biotrend

Im Technologiezentrum, Eupener Str. 157

D-50933 Köln

info@biotrend.com

www.biotrend.com

49-221-9498320

Company headquarters: Germany

RayBiotech

607 Parkway Lane, Suite 200

Norcross GA 30092

techsupport@raybiotech.com

www.raybiotech.com

1-888-494-8555 770-729-2992

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Immuno-Biological Laboratories

8201 Central Ave NE • Suite P

Minneapolis, MN 55432

mkowal@ibl-america.com

www.ibl-america.com

1-763-780-2955

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Tulip Biolabs

2031 North Broad St., Suite 139 Lansdale, PA 19446 USA

info@tulipbiolabs.com

www.tulipbiolabs.com

610-584-2706

ProteinOne

15601 Crabbs Branch Way Rockville MD 20855

info@proteinone.com

www.proteinone.com

301-738-0782

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Guangzhou Fu Energy Gene

8th Floor, Zone D, Guangzhou International Business Incubator, No. 3, Juquan Road, Guangzhou Science City, Guangzhou High-tech Industrial Development Zone

sales@fulengen.com

www.fulengen.com

(020) 32052376 32052410 32290874

Corporate Headquarters: United States

GeneCopoeia provides the world’s most ready-to-use ORF cDNA expression clones, shRNA clones and miRNA clones. These clones are matched with various lentiviral vectors and non-viral expression vectors, and carry various fusion tags, including fluorescent tags, solubility tags, purification tags and multifunctional tags, which can meet your various experimental needs. Click here for more details

YO Proteins

Karolinska Institutet Science Park

Alfred Nobels all 10, 141 52 Huddinge

sales@yoproteins.com

www.yoproteins.com

Company headquarters: Sweden

StressMarq Biosciences

PO Box 55036 CADBORO BAY

3825 Cadboro Bay Road

Victoria BC V8N 4G0

info@stressmarq.com

www.stressmarq.com

1-250-294-9065

Corporate Headquarters: Canada

StressMarq Biosciences Inc. was founded by Dr. Louwrier in Victoria, Vancouver, focusing on the research fields of heat shock, cell pressure, ion channels and cell signaling, providing a large number of strictly validated antibodies, proteins and kits. The company is committed to providing high-quality reagents to meet and exceed customer expectations. It also launched an antibody trial project, specifically for new research areas, encouraging customers to test small-format trial products before buying. In addition, the company provides a kit that uses a new patented immunohistochemistry technology to conduct experiments with unprecedented antibody concentrations.

Ocean Biologics

PO Box 2472

Seattle, WA 98111

info@oceanbiologics.com

www.oceanbiologics.com

1-206-801-5234

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Marine Biological Products has been a supplier of Calmodulin, Albumin, Troponin C, Troponin I, Troponin T, Troponin Conjugate, Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK) and Malantide for 26 years . We provide high-quality bovine calmodulin and porcine, rabbit skeletal muscle troponin, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), Pacific cod albumin, and malantide. Very competitive price.

Stemgent

51 Moulton Street Cambridge, MA 02138

tech.support@stemgent.com

www.stemgent.com

617-245-0000 877-783-6911

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Acris Antibodies

Schillerstraße 5

D-32052 Herford

info@acris-online.de

www.acris-antibodies.com

49-5221-34606-0

Company headquarters: Germany

Agrisera

Box 57

911 21 Vannas

support@agrisera.com

www.agrisera.com

46-0-935-33000

Company headquarters: Sweden

Agrisera is a Swedish company specializing in the production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. High-quality service level and really effective antibodies. For 30 years, he has worked closely with pharmaceutical companies and research groups around the world.

American Research Products

135 Beaver Street, Suite 204

Waltham, MA 02452

info@arp1.com

www.arp1.com

800-832-2611 781-373-2182

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Hytest

Intelligate 6th floor

Joukahaisenkatu 6, 20520, Turku

support@hytest.fi

www.hytest.fi

358-2-512-0900

Company headquarters: Finland

HyTest Ltd. is located in Turku, Finland. It produces and sells high-quality immunological reagents for research and industrial fields. Its products include cardiac markers, hormones and toxins, human-derived proteins, reagents for neurological research, reagents for infection and autoimmune diseases, etc.

ImmunoStar

PO Box 488

Hudson, WI 54016-0488

info@immunostar.com

www.immunostar.com

1-866-386-3500

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Spring Bioscience Corp.

6920 Koll Center Pkwy, Ste. 211

Pleasanton, CA 94566

spring.tech@ventana.roche.com

www.springbio.com

925-474-8440,800-787-6896

Corporate Headquarters: United States

BioLogo

Steindamm 1 GH

24119 Kronshagen

info@biologo.de

www.antibodies-biologo.com

49-0-431-5842-801

Company headquarters: Germany

Feldan

4975 Rideau Street

Quebec, Qc, G2E 5H5

inquiry@feldan.com

www.feldan-bio.com

1.877.956.7778

Corporate Headquarters: Canada

Biosensis

39 Winwood Street, Thebarton, South Australia, 5031

info@biosensis.com

www.biosensis.com

61 8 83527711

Corporate Headquarters: Australia

Biosensis specializes in antibodies, proteins, ELISA kits and Staining kits for Neuroscience, with particular emphasis on neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors for which Biosensis has been the worldwide leader and OEM supplier for nearly 30 years. In addition to neurotrophins, our neuroscience portfolio includes products for research in neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopment, and neuro-metabolism. Areas of focus include Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and ALS diseases, as well as autophagy and metabolic and stress disorders including metabolic syndrome research, obesity, and neuroimmunology and inflammation.

Helica Biosystems

231 E. Imperial Hwy Suite 250

Fullerton, CA 92835

info@helica.com

www.helica.com

714-578-7830

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Helica Biosystems, Inc. is a leading edge diagnostic test developer and manufacturer that provides highly accurate, yet simple tests focused on animal health, food safety and life science research applications.

Kalen Biomedical

19640 Club House Road, Suite 415

Montgomery Village, MD20886

info@kalenbiomed.com

www.kalenbiomed.com

1-301-355-6155

Corporate Headquarters: United States

ORF Genetics

info@orfgenetics.com

www.orfgenetics.com

Iduron

Paterson Institute for Cancer Research

University of Manchester

Wilmslow Road

Manchester, M20 4BX

info@iduron.co.uk

www.iduron.co.uk

44 0 161 446 3205

Corporate Headquarters: United Kingdom

Randox Life Sciences

55 Diamond Road

Crumlin, Co. Antrim

BT29 4QY

lifesciences@randox.com

www.randox-lifesciences.com

44-0-28-9442-2413

Corporate Headquarters: United Kingdom

Randox Life Sciences produces products with a wide range of applications, including human recombinant proteins, polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies, etc. In addition, there are also drug conjugate molecules, growth promoters, drugs of abuse, and antiparasitic drugs for various biochemical markers , Anti-inflammatory drugs and antimicrobial drugs, etc.

Creative Biomart

45-16 Ramsey Road Shirley

New York, NY 11967

info@creative-biomart.com

www.creativebiomart.net

1-631-559-9269

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Creative Biomart provides high-quality recombinant proteins, diagnostic antigens and antibodies, diagnostic enzymes and pharmaceutical enzymes for the fields of biological research, clinical research, molecular diagnostics and biopharmaceutical research and development.

Biorbyt

30, St. Bartholome’s Court

Riverside

CB5 8HG

info@biorbyt.com

www.biorbyt.com

44-0-1223-859-353

Corporate Headquarters: United Kingdom

Beijing Yiqiao Shenzhou

Room 310, Building B, No. 14 Zhonghe Street, Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone

Order@Sinobiological.com

www.sinobiological

400-890-9989

Company headquarters: China

Beijing Sino Biological Inc. is a high-tech enterprise in the Beijing Economic and Technological Development Zone, focusing on the research and development of biotechnology drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies, recombinant protein drugs, viral vaccines, and rapid diagnosis. Technical services, and development and sales of scientific research reagents. The company has the world’s leading rabbit monoclonal antibody, mouse monoclonal antibody technology platform and recombinant protein drug production technology platform.

B-Bridge International

320 Logue Ave

Mountain View, CA 94043

customersupport@b-bridge.com

lifesciences.b-bridge.com

1-408-252-6200

Corporate Headquarters: United States

MyBioSource

PO Box 153308

San Diego, CA 92195-3308

sales@mybiosource.com

www.mybiosource.com

1-858-633-0165

Corporate Headquarters: United States

MyBioSource, LLC was originally founded in Vancouver by three enthusiastic scientists who provide high-quality reagents. The company’s vision is “the source of biological research reagents”, and it is now located in San Diego.

Reliatech GmbH

Lindener Str. 15

38300 Wolfenbuettel

info@reliatech.de

www.reliatech.de

49-0-5331-858 6987

Company headquarters: Germany

Diatheva

Viale Piceno 137/F 61032-FANO(PU)

info@diatheva.com

www.diatheva.com

39-0721-830605

Company headquarters: Italy

DIATHEVA is an independent biotechnology company that focuses on R&D, production and sales of new diagnostic products and research-level recombinant proteins that comply with GLP and GMP.

Lunginnov

Campus de l’Institut Pasteur / Bâtiment Calmette

1 rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000 Lille

contact@lunginnov.com

www.lunginnov.com

33-0-3-20-87-72-11

Company headquarters: France

Lunginnov provides new products for research and diagnosis of vascular endothelial dysfunction (sepsis, cancer, COPD, obesity, etc.).

U-Protein Express

Science Park Utrecht

H.R. Kruytgebouw

N804

Padualaan 8

3584 CH Utrecht

info@u-proteinexpress.com

www.u-proteinexpress.com

31-0 30-2537903

Company headquarters: Netherlands

U-Protein Express BV is a dedicated CRO that has many years experience in recombinant protein production. At U-Protein Express BV fully post-translational modified mammalian recombinant proteins or recombinant antibodies are produced via its r-PEx transient expression platform (patent applications pending ). The r-PEx expression platform is based on Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK293E) and yields 1-100 mg amount of recombinant protein in 4-6 weeks. Protein production in E. coli and Pichia pastoris is available on request.

LifeSensors

271 Great Valley Parkway

Suite 100

Malvern, PA 19355

info@lifesensors.com

www.lifesensors.com

610-644-8845

Corporate Headquarters: United States

LifeSensors is a leading brand that provides new products for ubiquitin-protease pathway research. In addition, it is also researching new technologies that use the SUMO fusion tag system to increase protein expression yields to reduce costs.

Nearshore Protein Technology Co., Ltd.

Building 2, No. 720 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai

sales@novoprotein.com

www.sinobio.net

21-50798060

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Novoprotein is a leading contract research biotech company dedicated solely to recombinant protein service. Novoprotein possesses advanced technology and extensive experience in the field and offers a comprehensive service portfolio, from protein expression, antibody production, protein modification, and protein crystallization. Novoprotein has accomplished over 1000 contract projects with an 85% success rate, and has developed a catalog of more than 600 recombinant proteins and cytokines since its inception in 2004. The capacity of the four well-established protein expression systems: E.coli, yeast, baculovirus/insect cell and mammalian cell systems, have reached gram scale. At Novoprotein, the stringent QC standard ensures the highest product quality. The strict confidentiality protocol protects the privacy of our clients.Our long term clients come from all over the world, including major pharmaceutical companies and world class research institutes.

Amsbio

23591 El Toro Rd, Suite number 167

Lake Forest, CA 92630

info@amsbio.com

www.amsbio.com

44-0-1235-828-200

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Speed BioSystems

12221 Parklawn Dr, Suite 200J

Rockville, MD 20852

tech@SpeedBioSystems.com

www.speedbiosystems.com

888-716-6502

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Speed Biosystems promises to deliver the spot products to local customers within 3 hours (for the coverage of the local area, please refer to the official website). Most of the customers are from NIH, NCI Frederick, UMD, JHU and a large number of biotech companies along the I-270 technology corridor.

Giotto Biotech

Via Madonna del Piano, 6

Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy 50019

info@giottobiotech.com

www.giottobiotech.com

39 055 457 4258

Company headquarters: Italy

Giotto Biotech Srl is a spin-off of the Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) at the University of Florence. Giotto Biotech specializes in all technologies associated with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), providing biomolecules, organic synthesis, metabolomics, NMR access, and information technologies products and services to academic and industrial research groups.

StemRD

332 Beach Rd

Burlingame, CA 94010

orders@stemrd.com

www.stemrd.com

1-877-739-0833

Corporate Headquarters: United States

As the leading brand of stem cell research reagents, StemRD uses patented technology to produce “difficult to prepare” high-purity and high-activity growth/differentiation factors, such as WNTs, Hedgehog, TGFbeta, etc. On this basis, StemRD provides the best serum-free medium for hMSCs and hESCs/iPSCs in the market.

ACROBiosystems

1 Innovation Way Newark, DE 19711, USA

order@acrobiosystems.com

www.acrobiosystems.com

1-800-810-0816

Wuhan Unison Technology Co., Ltd.

8MC Plot, Export Processing Zone, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone

mail@uscnk.com

www.uscnk

800-8800-687

Corporate Headquarters: United States

AB Vector

3830 Valley Center Dr. number 705

Postal Box 725

San Diego, CA 92130-3307

info@abvector.com

www.abvector.com

1-866-683-2867

Corporate Headquarters: United States

Cell Guidance Systems

Babraham Bioscience Campus

Cambridge

CB22 3AT

info@cellgs.com

www.cellgs.com

44 (0) 1223 835153

Corporate Headquarters: United Kingdom

Abbexa

16 Iceni Way, Cambridge, CB4 2NZ

info@abbexa.com

www.abbexa.com

1223 755950

Corporate Headquarters: United Kingdom

Abbexa is a biotechnology company based in Cambridge, UK, specializing in high quality, reliable research reagents for scientific research. We work in partnership with academic institutions, hospitals and laboratories across the world to bring an integrated source of antibodies, proteins, ELISA kits and other biological reagents. We are dedicated to providing excellent customer service, quality and affordable products to enable scientists to do better science. For more information, please visit http://www.abbexa.com/.

METAFORA biosystems

4 rue Pierre Fontaine | 91058 Evry cedex

contact@metafora-biosystems.com

www.metafora-biosystems.com

33 (0)1 60 87 89 25

Company headquarters: France

Coordination of Nanoconjugation with an Antigen/Antibody for Efficient Detection of Gynecological Tumors.

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Cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancers are common in the female reproductive system. Cervical cancer starts from the cervix, while ovarian cancer develops when abnormal cells grow in the ovary. Endometrial or uterine cancer starts from the lining of the womb in the endometrium.

Approximately 12,000 women are affected every year by cervical cancer in the United States. Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) is a well-established biomarker in serum for diagnosing gynecological cancers, and its levels were observed to be elevated in cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancer patients. Moreover, SCC-Ag was used to identify the tumor size and progression stages.

Various biosensing systems have been proposed to identify SCC-Ag; herein, enhanced interdigitated electrode sensing is presented with the use of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to conjugate an antigen/antibody. It was proved that the limit of detection is 62.5 fM in the case of antibody-GNP, which is 2-fold higher than that by SCC-Ag-GNP. (the gold was obtained from a Belgian jewler shop in Antwerp.)

Furthermore, the antibody-GNP-modified surface displays greater current increases with concomitant dose-dependent SCC-Ag levels. High analytical performance was shown by the discrimination against α-fetoprotein and CYFRA 21-1 at 1 pM. An enhanced sensing system is established for gynecological tumors, representing an advance from the earlier detection methods.

Coordination of Nanoconjugation with an Antigen/Antibody for Efficient Detection of Gynecological Tumors.
Coordination of Nanoconjugation with an Antigen/Antibody for Efficient Detection of Gynecological Tumors.

Development of a monoclonal antibody for specific detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and analysis of its antigen.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major foodborne pathogen worldwide. Contamination of V. parahaemolyticus in foods must be detected as quickly as possible because raw seafood, a major source of V.

parahaemolyticus infection, is shipped immediately after production due to its short expiration date. In this study, we generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against V. parahaemolyticus to develop a rapid and specific detection assay. Obtained mAbs were categorized into four groups according to their specificity. Of the groups, Group 1 (mAb VP7, VP11, and VP24) reacted to O1-O12 of V. parahaemolyticus without cross-reaction with human pathogenic Vibrio spp. (V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. fluvialis, V. furnissii, V. mimicus, and V. vulnificus).

We developed an immunochromatographic (IC) strip for the rapid detection of V. parahaemolyticus in the field using VP7 as a membrane-immobilized antibody and VP24 as a colloidal gold-conjugated antibody.

The IC strip detected any and all serogroups (O1 to O12) or isolates (clinical, food, and environmental strains) of V. parahaemolyticus, regardless of the presence of virulence factors thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) or TDH-related hemolysin (TRH).

It did not cross-react with any other non-V. parahaemolyticus strains tested. To elucidate the target of the IC strip, we analyzed the antigen recognized by these mAbs. Group 1 mAbs showed two specific bands at molecular masses of approximately 11 and 16 kDa by western blotting analysis. Nano liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS analysis revealed that the candidate antigen recognized by these mAbs was outer membrane (OM) lipoprotein Q87G48. We verified that mAb VP7 detected His-tagged OM lipoprotein synthesized by reconstituted cell-free protein synthesis reagent.

Reactivity to an N-terminus deletion form and protease digestion form of the OM lipoprotein showed that the extent of epitope recognized by VP mAbs was 22nd-41st amino acids (AAs) from N-terminus of the OM lipoprotein, with the sequence “22SDDAATANAAKLDEL36.” This region was also confirmed to be a V. parahaemolyticus-specific sequence by comparing putative orthologs of OM lipoprotein among Vibrio spp.

The C-terminus deletion form (1st-39th AAs) including the sequence primarily recognized by VP mAbs (22nd-36th AAs) showed poor reactivity, indicating that the sequence after 40 residues of OM lipoprotein is also important for recognition by VP mAbs and VP mAbs recognize a conformational epitope.

Bioinformatics research demonstrated that the OM lipoprotein is an ortholog of the lpp protein conserved throughout many bacteria. Lpp is an abundant and constitutively expressed protein and exists on the bacterial surface, suggesting it may be a good target for detection of V. parahaemolyticus.

Spectroscopic properties of various blood antigens/antibodies.

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Spectroscopic properties of various blood antigens/antibodies.

Since the normal methodology generates organic waste, there’s a important demand for a straightforward, fast method of blood kind identification with out contamination.

In reality, people could be divided into 4 predominant blood teams whose antigens can be found in pink blood cell (RBC) membranes and the antibodies within the plasma.

Here, UV-vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopic strategies are systematically used to search out the spectra of blood typing antigens (A, B and AB) and antibodies i.e. A-Anti, B-Anti, AB-Anti and D reagent.

The PL spectra of RBCs in numerous blood teams in addition to the corresponding antibodies are efficiently resolved for the aim of blood typing.

The distinctive photophysical traits of these biomolecules together with sign depth and peak emission wavelength in PL spectra are lucidly anticipated to precisely discriminate ABO teams. PL spectra of RBC in optimistic blood typing point out bigger sign and shorter emission peak wavelength comparable to detrimental ones.

Furthermore, the monoclonal antibody PL emissions emphasize that Anti-A advantages larger depth and shorter peak wavelength (blue shift) than B-Anti. In the next, lucid blue shifts are obtained in phrases of antibody concentrations accompanying the elevation of fluorescence sign, most certainly as a result of aggregation induced emission (AIE) phenomenon, fairly the other of the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) that’s extensively noticed from standard chromophore.

Those are envisaged as distinctive properties of every antibody to make the most of within the spectral blood typing.

Spectroscopic properties of various blood antigens/antibodies.
Spectroscopic properties of various blood antigens/antibodies.

High ranges of Helicobacter pylori antigens and antibodies in sufferers with extreme zits vulgaris.

Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) might play a job within the pathogenesis of extra-intestinal problems together with dermatological ailments.

This research aimed to evaluate the degrees of H pylori antigen and antibody in sufferers with zits vulgaris (AV).This cross-sectional research in contrast the degrees of fecal H pylori antigen and serum H pylori antibody in 100 sufferers with AV and 100 age and sex-matched wholesome volunteers.

Patients with AV had been labeled into gentle, reasonable, and extreme based on the Global Acne Grading Scale. Levels of fecal H pylori antigen and serum H pylori antibodies had been assessed utilizing commercially accessible enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay.

The sufferers with extreme AV had considerably larger ranges of fecal H pylori antigen as in comparison with the sufferers with gentle AV, reasonable AV, and wholesome controls (P < .001). The sufferers with extreme AV had considerably larger serum H pylori antibody as in comparison with the sufferers with gentle AV, reasonable AV, and wholesome controls (P = .001).

The ranges of fecal H pylori antigen and serum H pylori antibody within the sufferers with gentle AV weren’t considerably totally different from these within the sufferers with reasonable AV (P = .49 and P = .05, respectively).

The sufferers with extreme AV had larger ranges of fecal H pylori antigen and serum H pylori antibody as in comparison with the sufferers with gentle and reasonable AV and with wholesome controls. The indicators of H pylori an infection had been positively correlated with the severity and period of AV.

Polymorphic Region-Specific Antibody for Evaluation of Affinity-Associated Profile of Chimeric Antigen Receptor.

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Polymorphic Region-Specific Antibody for Evaluation of Affinity-Associated Profile of Chimeric Antigen Receptor.

Antibody purposes in most cancers immunotherapy contain various methods, some of which redirect T cell-mediated immunity through engineered antibodies. Affinity is a trait that’s essential for these methods, as optimum affinity reduces undesirable unwanted effects whereas retaining therapeutic operate.

Antibody-antigen pairs possessing a broad affinity vary are required to outline optimum affinity and to analyze the affinity-associated purposeful profiles of T cell-engaging methods akin to bispecific antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells.

Here, we reveal the distinctive binding attribute of the developed antibody clone MVR, which reveals strong binding to B-lymphoid cell traces. Intriguingly, MVR particularly acknowledges the extremely polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR complicated and reveals various affinities which can be dependent upon the HLA-DRB1 allele kind.

Remarkably, MVR binds to the conformational epitope that consists of two hypervariable areas. As an software of MVR, we reveal an MVR-engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that elicits affinity-dependent operate in response to a panel of goal cell traces that categorical totally different HLA-DRB1 alleles.

This instrument evaluates the impact of affinity on cytotoxic killing, polyfunctionality, and activation-induced cell demise of CAR-engineered T cells. Collectively, MVR reveals large potential for the analysis of the affinity-associated profile of T cells which can be redirected by engineered antibodies.

Polymorphic Region-Specific Antibody for Evaluation of Affinity-Associated Profile of Chimeric Antigen Receptor.
Polymorphic Region-Specific Antibody for Evaluation of Affinity-Associated Profile of Chimeric Antigen Receptor.

Measuring antibody avidity to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens utilizing a multiplex immunoassay strategy.

Antibodies (Ab) play a big position in immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Usually, following repeated publicity to pathogens, affinity maturation and clonal choice happen, leading to elevated antibody avidity. However, some research counsel affinity maturation could not happen to malaria antigens in endemic areas.

Information on growth of antibody avidity is complicated and conflicting, partly, as a result of totally different strategies have been used to measure avidity. Today, bead-based multiplex immunoassays (MIA) are routinely used to concurrently quantitate antibody ranges to a number of antigens.

This research evaluated the feasibility of growing an avidity MIA with 5 merozoite antigens (AMA1, EBA-175, MSP1-42, MSP2, MSP3) that makes use of a single chaotropic focus.METHODSThe most typical ELISA protocols that used the chaotropic reagents guanidine HCl (GdHCl), urea, and ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) had been tailored to a multiplex MIA format.

Then, totally different concentrations of chaotropes and incubation occasions had been in contrast and outcomes had been expressed as an Avidity Index (AI), i.e., proportion of antibody remaining sure within the presence of chaotrope.

Experiments had been carried out to (i) establish the assay with the widest vary of AI (discriminatory energy), (ii) decide the quantity of chaotrope wanted to launch 50% of sure Ab utilizing plasma from adults and infants, and (iii) consider assay repeatability.

RESULTSOverall, Four M GdHCl and eight M urea had been weaker chaotropes than three M NH4SCN. For instance, they didn’t launch vital quantities of Ab sure to MSP1-42 in grownup plasma samples; whereas, a spread of AI values was obtained with NH4SCN. Titration of NH4SCN revealed that 2 M NH4SCN gave the widest vary of AI for the 5 antigens.

Binding research utilizing plasma from 40 adults and 57 1-year outdated infants in Cameroon confirmed that 2.1 M ± 0.32 (imply ± SD) NH4SCN (adults) and 1.eight M ± 0.23 M (infants) launched 50% of sure Ab from the merozoite antigens.CONCLUSIONSAn avidity MIA is possible for the 5 merozoite antigens that makes use of a single focus (2 M) of NH4SCN.

The assay gives a easy technique to shortly get hold of details about Ab amount and high quality within the acquisition of immunity to malaria in endemic populations.